Using classic Outlook for Windows in business environments
This issue may be related to the ongoing Microsoft 365 service incident (MO1550821), which is affecting multiple services, including Exchange Online.
Since Outlook relies on Exchange Online for email delivery and synchronization, the current service disruption may explain why your message remains stuck in the Outbox, why you cannot delete it, and why your Inbox is not updating on either your desktop or Apple phone.
According to Microsoft's latest update, the incident remains classified as Service Degradation, and Microsoft is actively working to restore the affected infrastructure. However, no estimated time for full service restoration has been provided yet.
You can check the Microsoft 365 Service Status for the latest updates.
I recommend waiting until Microsoft restores the affected services before attempting further troubleshooting, as the issue may resolve once Exchange Online is fully operational again.