On my system it seems to be caused by the screen aspect ratio.
I have 3 screens, my laptop screen is 1920x1080 and my 2 external monitors are 1920x1200 and one of them is my primary screen.
When I share screen1 which is a 1920x1200 screen the other party sees a black screen.
When I share my 1920x1080 screen all works fine.
I should probably test what happens if both me and the person I'm sharing to have a 1920x1200 screen. Just to make sure both should have the same aspect ratio or that it only works with normal 16:9 ratio....
When you say it doesn't work on your tablet I can imagine that that isn't a 16:9 screen while the teacher is sharing a 16:9 screen
But of course it is still possible the teacher is not sharing a 16:9 screen but I would expect every student to have the same issue...
Anyway, hopefully I provided you with something to think about :)
I might find out tomorrow as I'll be giving training to a large group of people and the chance that someone has an alternative aspect ratio is rather big :)