Use GPUs for compute-intensive workloads (AKS on Azure Stack HCI 23H2)

Applies to: Azure Stack HCI, version 23H2

Graphical Processing Units (GPU) are used for compute-intensive workloads such as machine learning, deep learning, and more. This article describes how to use GPUs for compute-intensive workloads in AKS enabled by Azure Arc.

Supported GPU models

The following GPU models are supported by AKS on Azure Stack HCI 23H2:

Supported VM sizes

The following VM sizes for each GPU models are supported by AKS on Azure Stack HCI 23H2.

Nvidia T4 is supported by NK T4 SKUs

Nvidia A2 is supported by NC2 A2 SKUs

Nvidia A16 is supported by NC2 A16 SKUs

Before you begin

To use GPUs in AKS Arc, make sure you installed the necessary GPU drivers before you begin the deployment of the cluster. Follow the steps in this section.

Step 1: install the OS

Install the Azure Stack HCI, version 23H2 operating system locally on each server in your Azure Stack HCI cluster.

Step 2: uninstall the NVIDIA host driver

On each host machine, navigate to Control Panel > Add or Remove programs, uninstall the NVIDIA host driver, then reboot the machine. After the machine reboots, confirm that the driver was successfully uninstalled. Open an elevated PowerShell terminal and run the following command:

Get-PnpDevice  | select status, class, friendlyname, instanceid | where {$_.friendlyname -eq "3D Video Controller"}

You should see the GPU devices appear in an error state as shown in this example output:

Error       3D Video Controller                   PCI\VEN_10DE&DEV_1EB8&SUBSYS_12A210DE&REV_A1\4&32EEF88F&0&0000 
Error       3D Video Controller                   PCI\VEN_10DE&DEV_1EB8&SUBSYS_12A210DE&REV_A1\4&3569C1D3&0&0000 

Step 3: dismount the host driver from the host

When you uninstall the host driver, the physical GPU goes into an error state. You must dismount all the GPU devices from the host.

For each GPU (3D Video Controller) device, run the following commands in PowerShell. Copy the instance ID; for example, PCI\VEN_10DE&DEV_1EB8&SUBSYS_12A210DE&REV_A1\4&32EEF88F&0&0000 from the previous command output:

$id1 = "<Copy and paste GPU instance id into this string>"
$lp1 = (Get-PnpDeviceProperty -KeyName DEVPKEY_Device_LocationPaths -InstanceId $id1).Data[0]
Disable-PnpDevice -InstanceId $id1 -Confirm:$false
Dismount-VMHostAssignableDevice -LocationPath $lp1 -Force

To confirm that the GPUs were correctly dismounted from the host, run the following command. You should put GPUs in an Unknown state:

Get-PnpDevice  | select status, class, friendlyname, instanceid | where {$_.friendlyname -eq "3D Video Controller"}

Unknown       3D Video Controller               PCI\VEN_10DE&DEV_1EB8&SUBSYS_12A210DE&REV_A1\4&32EEF88F&0&0000 
Unknown       3D Video Controller               PCI\VEN_10DE&DEV_1EB8&SUBSYS_12A210DE&REV_A1\4&3569C1D3&0&0000 

Step 4: download and install the NVIDIA mitigation driver

The software might include components developed and owned by NVIDIA Corporation or its licensors. The use of these components is governed by the NVIDIA end user license agreement.

See the NVIDIA data center documentation to download the NVIDIA mitigation driver. After downloading the driver, expand the archive and install the mitigation driver on each host machine. You can follow this PowerShell script to download the mitigation driver and extract it:

Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://docs.nvidia.com/datacenter/tesla/gpu-passthrough/nvidia_azure_stack_inf_v2022.10.13_public.zip" -OutFile "nvidia_azure_stack_inf_v2022.10.13_public.zip"
mkdir nvidia-mitigation-driver
Expand-Archive .\nvidia_azure_stack_inf_v2022.10.13_public.zip .\nvidia-mitigation-driver\

To install the mitigation driver, navigate to the folder that contains the extracted files, and select the GPU driver file based on the actual GPU type installed on your Azure Stack HCI hosts. For example, if the type is A2 GPU, right-click the nvidia_azure_stack_A2_base.inf file, and select Install.

You can also install using the command line by navigating to the folder and running the following commands to install the mitigation driver:

pnputil /add-driver nvidia_azure_stack_A2_base.inf /install 
pnputil /scan-devices 

After you install the mitigation driver, the GPUs are listed in the OK state under Nvidia A2_base - Dismounted:

Get-PnpDevice  | select status, class, friendlyname, instanceid | where {$_.friendlyname -match "Nvidia"}"

OK       Nvidia A2_base - Dismounted               PCI\VEN_10DE&DEV_1EB8&SUBSYS_12A210DE&REV_A1\4&32EEF88F&0&0000 
OK       Nvidia A2_base - Dismounted               PCI\VEN_10DE&DEV_1EB8&SUBSYS_12A210DE&REV_A1\4&3569C1D3&0&0000

Step 5: repeat steps 1 to 4

Repeat steps 1 to 4 for each server in your HCI cluster.

Step 6: continue deployment of the Azure Stack HCI cluster

Continue the deployment of the Azure Stack HCI cluster by following the steps in Azure Stack HCI, version 23H2 deployment.

Get a list of available GPU-enabled VM SKUs

Once the Azure Stack HCI cluster deployment is complete, you can run the following CLI command to show the available VM SKUs on your deployment. If your GPU drivers are installed correctly, the corresponding GPU VM SKUs are listed:

az aksarc vmsize list --custom-location <custom location ID> -g <resource group name>

Create a new workload cluster with a GPU-enabled node pool

Currently, using GPU-enabled node pools is only available for Linux node pools. To create a new Kubernetes cluster:

az aksarc create -n <aks cluster name> -g <resource group name> --custom-location <custom location ID> --vnet-ids <vnet ID>

The following example adds a node pool with 2 GPU-enabled (NVDIA A2) nodes with a Standard_NC4_A2 VM SKU:

az aksarc nodepool add --cluster-name <aks cluster name> -n <node pool name> -g <resource group name> --node-count 2 --node-vm-size Standard_NC4_A2 --os-type Linux

Confirm you can schedule GPUs

With your GPU node pool created, confirm that you can schedule GPUs in Kubernetes. First, list the nodes in your cluster using the kubectl get nodes command:

kubectl get nodes

NAME             STATUS  ROLES                 AGE   VERSION
moc-l9qz36vtxzj  Ready   control-plane,master  6m14s  v1.22.6
moc-lhbkqoncefu  Ready   <none>                3m19s  v1.22.6
moc-li87udi8l9s  Ready   <none>                3m5s  v1.22.6

Now use the kubectl describe node command to confirm that the GPUs can be scheduled. Under the Capacity section, the GPU should appear as nvidia.com/gpu: 1.

kubectl describe <node> | findstr "gpu" 

The output should display the GPU(s) from the worker node and look something like this:

Capacity: 
  cpu:                4 
  ephemeral-storage:  103110508Ki 
  hugepages-1Gi:      0 
  hugepages-2Mi:      0 
  memory:             7865020Ki 
  nvidia.com/gpu:     1 
  pods:               110

Run a GPU-enabled workload

Once you complete the previous steps, create a new YAML file for testing; for example, gpupod.yaml. Copy and paste the following YAML into the new file named gpupod.yaml, then save it:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: cuda-vector-add
spec:
  restartPolicy: OnFailure
  containers:
  - name: cuda-vector-add
    image: "k8s.gcr.io/cuda-vector-add:v0.1"
    resources:
      limits:
        nvidia.com/gpu: 1

Run the following command to deploy the sample application:

kubectl apply -f gpupod.yaml

Verify that the pod started, completed running, and the GPU is assigned:

kubectl describe pod cuda-vector-add | findstr 'gpu'

The previous command should show one GPU assigned:

nvidia.com/gpu: 1
nvidia.com/gpu: 1

Check the log file of the pod to see if the test passed:

kubectl logs cuda-vector-add

The following is example output from the previous command:

[Vector addition of 50000 elements]
Copy input data from the host memory to the CUDA device
CUDA kernel launch with 196 blocks of 256 threads
Copy output data from the CUDA device to the host memory
Test PASSED
Done

If you receive a version mismatch error when calling into drivers, such as "CUDA driver version is insufficient for CUDA runtime version," review the NVIDIA driver matrix compatibility chart.

FAQ

What happens during upgrade of a GPU-enabled node pool?

Upgrading GPU-enabled node pools follows the same rolling upgrade pattern that's used for regular node pools. For GPU-enabled node pools in a new VM to be successfully created on the physical host machine, it requires one or more physical GPUs to be available for successful device assignment. This availability ensures that your applications can continue running when Kubernetes schedules pods on this upgraded node.

Before you upgrade:

1. Plan for downtime during the upgrade.
2. Have one extra GPU per physical host if you are running the Standard_NK6 or 2 extra GPUs if you are running Standard_NK12. If you are running at full capacity and don't have an extra GPU, we recommend scaling down your node pool to a single node before the upgrade, then scaling up after upgrade succeeds.

What happens if I don't have extra physical GPUs on my physical machine during an upgrade?

If an upgrade is triggered on a cluster without extra GPU resources to facilitate the rolling upgrade, the upgrade process hangs until a GPU is available. If you run at full capacity and don't have an extra GPU, we recommend scaling down your node pool to a single node before the upgrade, then scaling up after the upgrade succeeds.

Next steps

• Use GPUs (AKS on Azure Stack HCI 22H2)
• AKS overview