Hello,
Are you by chance using Windows 7 or Windows 8 and encountering this issue?
If so, please go to https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/servicing/os/windows/2020/04/update-to-microsoft-update-client and then scroll down to where you see the download links for whichever OS you use, and then download the file that corresponds to your PC architecture.
Once the file finishes downloading, launch it, and then let Windows apply the update. Restart your PC after it's done, and then see if you can check for updates.
Let me know how this goes.