Hello Mike Finch,
I'm glad that you were able to resolve your issue and thank you for posting your solution so that others experiencing the same thing can easily reference this! Since the Microsoft Q&A community has a policy that "The question author cannot accept their own answer. They can only accept answers by others ", I'll repost your solution in case you'd like to accept the answer.
Ask: ErrorCode: KeyBasedAuthenticationNotPermitted while using IOT C SDK to upload a file
Solution: DPS was directing to a different IoT hub, which pointed to a different storage account. After making the necessary changes, the issue was resolved.
Ref doc: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/shared-key-authorization-prevent?tabs=portal
If I missed anything please let me know and I'd be happy to add it to this answer, or feel free to comment below with any additional information.
If you have any other questions, please let me know. Thank you again for your time and patience throughout this issue.
Please don’t forget to Accept Answer and Yes for "was this answer helpful" wherever the information provided helps you, this can be beneficial to other community members.
Thank You!