While it seems that you might be able to locate and edit URL Rewrite module schema to add 308 to the list,
https://github.com/lextm/iis_schema/blob/master/rewrite_schema.xml#L64
testing shows that rewrite.dll
itself has the options (301/302/303/307) hard coded. Thus, it won't accept your schema changes and will report 500 errors when you force it.
Therefore, if you want 308 to be supported by URL Rewrite module, you should raise a feature request to Microsoft via the right channel.
A workaround, however, is to use IIS HTTP Redirect and set HTTP status code to 308,
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/iis/configuration/system.webserver/httpredirect/#configuration
It can achieve HTTP to HTTPS redirection, but not as flexible as URL Rewrite in other occasions.